Unlocking the Power of Hyaluronic Acid for Skin and Health
Information, effects, deficiency, dosage, side effects
D
Dr. Jochen Hoffmann
25 серп. 2023 р.
Reading time: 25 minutes25 minutes
Hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the body, has been an integral part of the cosmetics industry for many years. Valued particularly for its anti-aging properties, it is commonly added to a wide range of creams, serums, and other face and body care products to help maintain skin hydration and youthful appearance.
Beyond its role in beauty products, hyaluronic acid has found important applications in various areas of medicine. It is also used as an ingredient in decorative cosmetics, such as lipsticks, demonstrating its versatility across both medical and cosmetic fields.
Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide, a multiple sugar. It is the simplest glycosaminoglycan, a class of negatively charged polysaccharides. The long-chain multiple sugar has in particular a structuring property.
The polysaccharide is synthesized in the plasma membrane of the cell and is found in almost all tissues and organs of vertebrates. However, the greatest concentration is in the connective tissue. Hyaluronic acid occurs in the body both in free, unbound form and in combination with other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Hyaluronic acid has many different descriptions:
Hyaluronic acid is the colloquial and most common term.
Hyaluronic Acid is the English term.
Hyaluronan is the official and scientific term.
HA, occasionally also HYA, are the common abbreviations.
The Discovery of Hyaluronic Acid
The discovery of hyaluronic acid began in the late 19th century:
1. Early Observations (1880):
In 1880, French chemist Portes was the first to observe a unique substance in the vitreous body of the eye. He called it hyalomucine, noting that it behaved differently from other mucins, gel-like substances found in mucus that serve protective and structural roles in many living organisms.
2. Scientific Isolation (1934):
The substance remained largely unexplored until 1934, when German scientist Karl Meyer, together with his colleague John Palmer, successfully isolated it from the vitreous humor of a cow’s eye.
3. Chemical Composition:
Upon analyzing the compound, Meyer found that it was made up of two main components:
A uronic acid
An amino sugar This combination classified it as a type of glycosaminoglycan.
4. Naming the Compound:
Meyer coined the term "hyaluronic acid" by combining:
"Hyaloid" – referring to the vitreous body of the eye
"Uronic acid" – one of the key components of the molecule
Legacy and Importance
Since its discovery, hyaluronic acid has gained prominence due to its exceptional water-retention properties and biocompatibility. It is now widely used in:
Hyaluronic acid (also known as hyaluronan) is a linear, unbranched polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units: a uronic acid and an amino sugar. Unlike other glycosaminoglycans found in the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as heparin, hyaluronic acid is not sulfated and is known for its high molecular weight.
A key property of hyaluronic acid is its strong affinity for water. As a hydrophilic and negatively charged molecule, its long polymer chains can absorb and retain large volumes of water. This water-binding capability creates a viscoelastic solution, meaning the viscosity increases with concentration. In this way, hyaluronic acid can bind many times its own weight in water, making it essential for tissue hydration and lubrication.
Biological Roles of Hyaluronic Acid
1. Water Storage and Homeostasis
Hyaluronic acid helps regulate tissue hydration by resisting water loss. It acts as a natural barrier against rapid changes in tissue water content, preventing dehydration. Even at low concentrations, it forms an entangled molecular network that stabilizes the surrounding environment.
2. Joint Lubrication
In synovial joints (e.g., knees, elbows), hyaluronic acid is a key component of synovial fluid, which is secreted by the synovial membrane. This fluid is highly viscous and functions as a lubricant and shock absorber, reducing friction between bones during movement.
Hyaluronic acid is found throughout all bones and cartilage, contributing to elasticity and resilience. It is especially abundant in hyaline cartilage, which covers the ends of bones in joints and acts as a cushion during movement.
Other locations of hyaline cartilage include:
Rib-sternum connections
Nose tip
Trachea and bronchial tubes
Its cushioning and load-distributing properties are crucial for joint flexibility and protection.
Role in Connective Tissue
4. Fundamental Component of Connective Tissue
Connective tissue exists throughout the body in many forms, supporting, binding, protecting, and insulating other tissues. Examples include:
Tendons (muscle to bone)
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Gums and periodontal ligaments
There are three structural elements common to all connective tissues:
Hyaluronic acid (non-living ground substance)
Collagen and elastin fibers
Resident cells (vary depending on the tissue)
Hyaluronic acid provides the gel-like ground substance that:
Gum tissue is a type of dense, fibrous connective tissue. The ligament secures the teeth to the jawbone, and hyaluronic acid:
Provides moisture and tensile strength
Supports nutrient exchange
Helps maintain tight, healthy gum tissue
Without hyaluronic acid, the integrity and hydration of gum tissue would be compromised.
Support for Skin and Scalp Health
6. Skin Structure and Hydration
The skin is made up of two layers:
Epidermis: the outer protective barrier
Dermis: the deeper layer containing connective tissue
Hyaluronic acid resides in the dermis, where it maintains:
Tissue hydration
Elasticity
Nutrient flow
7. Scalp and Hair Health
The scalp, like all skin, contains connective tissue in its dermal layer. It is unique due to the presence of ~100,000 hair follicles. Hyaluronic acid in the scalp:
Hydrates the follicles
Nourishes the deep skin layers
Promotes healthy, shiny hair
Helps maintain a moisturized, balanced scalp
Hyaluronic Acid in the Body
Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronan, is found in all vertebrates and even in the capsule of some strains of streptococci bacteria. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is present in various differentiated tissues and organs throughout the body. The concentration of hyaluronic acid varies depending on the tissue type and its specific function.
Concentration and Distribution in Tissues and Fluids
Hyaluronic acid is abundant in the ECM but is also a key constituent of several organs and bodily fluids, each containing different concentrations suitable for their functions. Notable examples include:
Tissue or Fluid
Concentration
Umbilical cord
4100 µg/g (4.1 mg/g)
Synovial joint fluid
1400 to 3600 µg/ml
Vitreous body of the eye
140 to 338 µg/ml
Skin (largest reservoir)
About 2.5 g/l
The skin contains the largest total amount of hyaluronic acid, estimated at about 7 to 8 grams in an average adult. This accounts for roughly 50% of the body’s total hyaluronic acid.
Overall, researchers estimate the total amount of hyaluronic acid in an adult body to be between 11 and 17 grams. The highest concentration measured in human tissue is in the umbilical cord, at around 4 mg/ml.
Breakdown and Metabolism of Hyaluronic Acid
Like most biological molecules, hyaluronic acid is degradable and is continuously turned over in the body. Its breakdown occurs via two main pathways, both involving specialized enzymes called hyaluronidases:
1. Intracellular Degradation
Enzyme involved: Hyaluronidase-1 (Hyal-1)
Location: Mainly within lysosomes inside cells
Process: Hyal-1 breaks down hyaluronic acid into simple sugars, which can then enter various metabolic pathways or be further broken down.
2. Extracellular Degradation
Enzyme involved: Hyaluronidase-2 (Hyal-2)
Location: Acts on hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix
Process: Hyal-2 cleaves hyaluronic acid into smaller fragments, which are then removed via the lymphatic system. Once in the bloodstream:
About 80% is cleared by the liver
Approximately 10% is filtered by the kidneys
The remaining fraction is processed through the lymphatic circulation.
Half-Life of Hyaluronic Acid
The half-life of hyaluronic acid in the body varies significantly depending on its location:
In the extracellular matrix, the half-life ranges from a few hours to several weeks.
In synovial fluid (joint fluid), the half-life is much shorter, typically just a few hours. [[B650]
This rapid turnover highlights the dynamic nature of hyaluronic acid in maintaining tissue homeostasis and function.
Hyaluronic Acid Deficiency
The human body is able to produce hyaluronic acid itself. But this ability decreases steadily with age. At around 40 years of age, the body can only synthesize 40%. At the age of 60, the production rate is only about 10% of the original amount.
As already described, hyaluronic acid is contained in many organs of the human body and takes on various functions, some of which are vital. Therefore, a hyaluronic acid deficiency can result in very different symptoms:
Dry and irritated eyes
Decreased eyesight
Thin and dry skin
Dry mucous membranes
Slower wound healing
Increased wrinkles
Limp or weakened connective tissue
Joint pain
Restricted mobility
Hyaluronic Acid and Nutrition
Diet and Hyaluronic Acid Production
The right diet can promote the body's production of hyaluronic acid to a certain degree. For example, one study showed that consuming fermented soy milk can stimulate hyaluronic acid production.
In order for the body to be able to produce hyaluronic acid, the necessary building blocks for synthesis must be supplied to it. Magnesium is essential for the synthesis of hyaluronan. Therefore, sufficient magnesium should be provided to promote the body's own production.
Magnesium is found in the following foods, among others:
Cabbage
Root vegetables
Bananas
Nuts
Legumes
Hyaluronic acid is also found in many animal products. These include, for example:
Meat
Oysters
Bone broth
Liver
Eggs
Hyaluronan and Environmental Factors
Several external factors influence the levels of hyaluronic acid in the body, some of which are modifiable:
Smoking: Smokers tend to develop deeper wrinkles, partly due to the breakdown of hyaluronic acid caused by cigarette smoke. A 1989 in vitro study suggested that free radicals in smoke accelerate the degradation of hyaluronic acid.
Hormones: Hormonal levels also affect hyaluronic acid concentration. Studies have shown that estrogen treatment increases hyaluronic acid activity. Estrogen is known to boost the utilization of nutrients like magnesium and zinc, which in turn support hyaluronic acid synthesis.
Hyaluronic Acid and Skin Aging
Skin aging is characterized by a gradual decline in the functional capacity and reserve strength of the skin tissue. It is a complex process influenced by multiple biological factors and can be divided into:
Intrinsic aging: the natural, internal aging process
One of the key intrinsic factors is the body's decreasing ability to produce hyaluronic acid over time. This decline is closely linked to hormonal changes, particularly the reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels.
The decrease in these hormones contributes to:
Breakdown of collagen
Dryness of the skin
Loss of elasticity
Formation of wrinkles
As hyaluronic acid concentration in the skin diminishes, its capacity to bind water is reduced. This leads to drier, less elastic skin, which accelerates the appearance of wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Hyaluronic Acid and Mobility
Joints and tendons play a crucial role in enabling movement. As previously mentioned, hyaluronic acid is a major component of synovial fluid, where it provides elasticity and shock absorption.
When the levels of hyaluronic acid decrease, the consistency of synovial fluid changes, reducing its effectiveness as a lubricant. As a result, cartilage and joints lose their protection against mechanical stress and impacts.
This causes increased friction between joints and cartilage, leading to severe pain during movement. Consequently, individuals tend to avoid moving the affected joints, causing further decline in mobility and joint function.
Hyaluronic Acid and Joint Problems
Many different conditions can cause joint pain. The most common include:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Strains and sprains
Overuse injuries
The human body has about 100 real joints. Only those that consist of two opposite joint parts are labeled as real joints. These are protected with a cartilaginous protective layer that contains hyaluronic acid.
Joints that are particularly frequently used or subjected to greater stress are more often perceived as painful. This includes in particular the knee, shoulder or hip joint.
Joint pain can be mildly irritating to severely impairing. If the pain persists for up to a few weeks, it is said that the complaints are acute. If it lasts for several weeks or months, it can lead to a chronic illness.
Hyaluronic acid can help stop the natural wear and tear of the joints. The lubricant on the joints prevents irritation of the cartilage. This often leads to inflammation, which in the long term leads to degeneration of bone and cartilage tissue and causes pain.
Hyaluronic acid in cosmetics
Since researchers discovered the connection between hyaluronic acid and skin texture, it has become a popular active ingredient in many cosmetic products. Today, hyaluronic acid is commonly found in:
Face creams
Masks
Serums
Ampoules
The effect of these cosmetics is primarily to improve skin moisture. The water-binding power also ensures a better complexion. The skin appears plumped up and pale or sunken parts of the face appear less pronounced.
However, cosmetic products can usually only offer a temporary effect. The natural skin barrier and the molecular structure prevent them from penetrating into the deeper skin regions.
Researchers showed that only low-molecular hyaluronic acid was able to penetrate the stratum corneum, the top layer of the epithelium of the skin. The high molecular weight variants are too large for this and can't pass the barrier.
Hyaluronic acid in esthetic medicine
Hyaluronic acid is used more and more in esthetic medicine. Since these are non-invasive procedures, they are less risky than procedures from plastic surgery.
The possible areas of application are diverse:
Wrinkle injection
Botox for the lips and cheekbones
Face shaping
Breast augmentation
Treatment of lowered scar tissue
Correction of deformed or damaged parts of the body
Face lift
Depending on the area of application, a different type and crosslinking of the hyaluronic acid molecules must be selected. Cross-linked hyaluronic acid is used in the shaping because it is not as well broken down by the body. The effect lasts longer.
Another advantage of cross-linked hyaluronic acid is the stronger binding of water. The gel absorbs more water and thus reaches a higher volume. This property is particularly important for enlarging or modeling.
Wrinkle Injection with Hyaluronic Acid
In this procedure, small amounts of hyaluronic acid gel are injected into the skin layer of the affected area. The quantity and consistency of the gel depend on the depth of the wrinkles and the area being treated.
For superficial wrinkles, a thin, lightweight gel is typically used.
For deeper furrows, a thicker, more viscous preparation is injected.
In both cases, the goal is to provide a cushioning effect that smooths out the skin and reduces the appearance of wrinkles.
Previously, collagen injections were a common alternative for wrinkle treatment. However, this approach has become less popular due to a higher incidence of complications and intolerance. Many patients experienced allergic reactions and the formation of nodules under the skin.
These issues were largely due to the source of the collagen, which was typically extracted from pig or cattle tissues. As a foreign substance, the collagen often triggered an immune response, leading to these adverse effects.
Hyaluronic Acid versus Botox
Another common method for wrinkle treatment is the use of Botox, which contains botulinum toxin, a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Although extremely toxic, just 1 gram could theoretically kill 1 million people, botulinum toxin has become a valuable therapeutic protein.
Besides aesthetic applications, Botox is also approved for treating various medical conditions such as chronic migraines and muscle spasms.
There are several key differences between Botox and hyaluronic acid treatments:
Immune Response: About 1% of people treated with Botox develop antibodies to the toxin, making subsequent treatments ineffective.
Duration: Botox effects typically last 3 to 6 months, while hyaluronic acid gel is gradually broken down by the body over time.
Effect on Facial Expression: Botox works by relaxing facial muscles, which can cause the face to look stiff or “frozen.” In contrast, hyaluronic acid provides a cushioning effect without affecting facial expressions.
Reversibility: Botox treatments cannot be reversed once administered. Hyaluronic acid effects, however, can be adjusted or completely reversed using hyaluronidase enzymes, which break down hyaluron.
The choice between Botox and hyaluronic acid generally depends on the type of wrinkle:
Hyaluronic acid is typically used for static wrinkles, such as nasolabial folds or wrinkles around the mouth, where volume loss creates depressions.
Botox is better suited for dynamic wrinkles like crow’s feet or frown lines because it temporarily paralyzes the muscles responsible for these expressions, reducing wrinkle formation.
Hyaluronic Acid in Human Medicine
Hyaluronic acid is not limited to aesthetic applications, it is also increasingly used in various areas of clinical and therapeutic medicine due to its biocompatibility and beneficial biological properties.
Ophthalmology (Eye Surgery and Care)
Since hyaluronic acid is a natural component of the eye, it is commonly used in eye surgeries, including cataract and corneal procedures. During surgery, hyaluronic acid solutions help to:
Maintain eye moisture
Stabilize tissue structure
Promote wound healing
Post-surgical care and treatment for dry or irritated eyes often include eye drops containing hyaluronic acid, which soothe and hydrate the eye's surface.
Wound Healing
Hyaluronic acid is believed to accelerate wound healing. Research shows that the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the skin naturally increases during the healing process, suggesting its important role in:
Moisture retention
Cell migration
Tissue repair
A 2009 study investigated the treatment of eardrum perforations using a 1% hyaluronic acid solution. Of the 25 patients treated:
17 perforations healed completely
4 others showed significant size reduction
No side effects were observed in any cases
Diagnostic Use in Medicine
In clinical diagnostics, hyaluronic acid levels in the body are sometimes used as biomarkers for various health conditions. Elevated or altered levels may be indicative of:
Liver disorders (e.g., liver fibrosis or cirrhosis)
Tumor development or cancer progression
These diagnostic applications take advantage of hyaluronic acid’s role in tissue turnover and inflammation, which tend to change in pathological conditions.
Hyaluronic Acid and Osteoarthritis (Arthrosis)
One well-established medical application of hyaluronic acid is its use in the treatment of osteoarthritis through intra-articular injections. This method has been in use for many years and has shown positive results in numerous clinical studies.
What is Osteoarthritis (Arthrosis)?
Arthrosis, also called osteoarthritis, is the most common chronic joint disease. It is typically caused by the natural wear and tear of joints over time.
As osteoarthritis progresses:
Synovial fluid in the joint decreases
Friction between joint surfaces increases
Cartilage becomes thinner or may be completely worn away
Eventually, bone-on-bone contact occurs
This leads to:
Pain
Joint stiffness
Swelling
Reduced mobility
How Does Hyaluronic Acid Help?
When pain can no longer be managed with oral medications such as ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or when side effects or intolerance prevent their use, hyaluronic acid injections become a viable alternative.
These injections aim to:
Restore the viscosity and shock-absorbing function of the synovial fluid
Reduce joint friction
Relieve pain
Improve mobility
The concept of treating osteoarthritis with hyaluronic acid was first proposed in 1971 by Hungarian scientist Endre A. Balazs, who had previously studied the role of synovial fluid in joint function using electron microscopy.
Evidence from Clinical Studies
In 2006, a research team led by Nicholas Bellamy at the University of Queensland, Australia, conducted the largest review to date of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. The review included 76 studies and yielded promising results:
Pain reduction in patients ranged between 28% and 54%
Mobility improvement ranged from 9% to 32%, allowing patients to better perform daily activities
The researchers concluded that hyaluronic acid offers pain relief comparable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with the added benefit of improving joint function and quality of life, a key advantage over most oral pain medications.
Hyaluronic Acid Production Process
Early Extraction from Animal Tissues
Initially, hyaluronic acid was extracted exclusively from animal tissues, a practice that was refined and optimized between the 1940s and 1970s. During this time, researchers also began investigating the potential of bacterial synthesis of hyaluronic acid.
In 1979, the first patent for extracting hyaluronic acid from rooster combs was registered. Researchers also discovered other methods, including plant-based extraction (via cell processing) and in vitro enzymatic synthesis, expanding the production options.
Animal-Based Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid has been extracted from a variety of animal sources, including:
Cattle and fish eyes
Pig skin
Cartilage and joints
Rooster combs (the richest known source)
In the early stages, animal-derived hyaluronic acid was suitable primarily for laboratory use, due to a high risk of contamination with pathogens or residual animal proteins, making it unsuitable for medical applications.
Biotechnological Production (Fermentation)
Today, most hyaluronic acid is produced biotechnologically using bacterial fermentation. This method is safer, more scalable, and more cost-effective.
Cascade Fermentation Process:
Plant and fungal materials are used as a base medium.
Specific bacteria or yeast strains are introduced.
Sugar is added to stimulate fermentation and bacterial growth.
The bacteria produce a capsule that contains hyaluronic acid.
The hyaluronic acid is then isolated and purified through multi-stage fermentation tanks and biotechnological processes.
This results in low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, which is more easily absorbed by the human body.
Advantages of Biotechnological Production:
No risk of contamination from animal proteins or pathogens
Reduced likelihood of allergic reactions
Highly consistent quality
Scalable and cost-effective production
For these reasons, microbial fermentation is now the preferred method for producing medical- and cosmetic-grade hyaluronic acid.
Animal vs. Plant-Based Hyaluronic Acid
Feature
Animal-Based
Plant-Based / Fermentation
Source
Rooster combs, pig skin, etc.
Microorganisms fed on plant materials
Cost
Higher
Lower
Risk of Contamination
Higher (animal proteins/pathogens)
Very low
Allergen Potential
Moderate to high
Minimal
Vegan-Friendly
No
Yes
Medical/Cosmetic Suitability
Limited (past)
Widely used today
While animal-derived hyaluronic acid was the foundation of early production, it is largely being replaced by vegan, plant-based alternatives created through microbial fermentation. These products are safer, more ethical, and better tolerated, making them ideal for use in modern medicine and cosmetics.
Hyaluronic Acid for Oral Intake
Hyaluronic acid is not only used in topical skincare or medical injections, it is also available in oral supplement form. This method of intake is gaining popularity due to its convenience and systemic effects.
Forms of Oral Hyaluronic Acid
Capsules and tablets
Liquid drinks and ampoules
Lozenges
These supplements are often taken as part of a cycle or “cure,” typically refreshed every 3 to 4 months to maintain optimal levels in the body.
Effectiveness and Absorption
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of orally administered hyaluronic acid. Notably, Japan has been a pioneer in developing and popularizing nutritional hyaluronic acid products.
Two independent research groups conducted studies on:
Bioavailability – How hyaluronic acid is absorbed through the digestive tract
Systemic distribution – How it spreads and functions within the body
One study demonstrated that oral hyaluronic acid can alleviate knee osteoarthritis symptoms, making it a non-invasive alternative to joint injections.
Hyaluronic Acid Lozenges
Lozenges containing hyaluronic acid can be particularly effective for:
Dry mucous membranes
Coughs
Sore throats
Due to its water-binding properties, hyaluronic acid helps moisturize the mucous membranes in the throat and pharynx, naturally reducing irritation and easing discomfort.
Benefits Over Topical Application
Oral Hyaluronic Acid
Topical Hyaluronic Acid
Reaches deeper layers of the body
Acts only on the outer skin layers
Supports joints, skin, and mucosa
Limited to surface hydration
May relieve systemic symptoms
Targets localized dryness
While topical hyaluronic acid improves skin moisture externally, it cannot penetrate deeply due to the barrier function of the skin. Oral intake allows hyaluronic acid to be distributed throughout the body, supporting the skin, joints, connective tissues, and mucous membranes from within.
Hyaluronic Acid - Useful Combinations
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is often combined with other bioactive substances to enhance its efficacy, bioavailability, or synergistic effects depending on the target application, whether in cosmetics, supplements, or medical treatments.
1. Hyaluronic Acid + Magnesium or Zinc
Magnesium and zinc are essential cofactors in the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid.
These minerals support cellular metabolism and the function of enzymes involved in HA production.
Supplements that combine hyaluronic acid with magnesium or zinc can stimulate the body’s own HA synthesis, making them ideal for supporting skin hydration and joint health from within.
This combination was tested in a 2015 clinical study involving 40 subjects with early-stage knee osteoarthritis.
Treatment duration: 1 month
Form: Oral tablets containing:
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate (supports cartilage structure and hydration)
A keratin matrix (contributes to joint and tissue resilience)
Results:
Participants reported an average pain reduction of 40%
No significant side effects were observed
This suggests that such a combination therapy may be an effective, non-invasive option for early intervention in joint disorders.
Conclusion
Depending on the goal, anti-aging, joint support, or skin regeneration, hyaluronic acid can be effectively combined with:
Combination Partner
Primary Benefit
Magnesium / Zinc
Stimulates endogenous HA production
Collagen + Q10
Enhances skin firmness and antioxidant protection
Succinic Acid
Boosts fibroblast activity and natural collagen output
Chondroitin + Keratin
Alleviates joint pain and supports cartilage health
Hyaluronic Acid Dosage and Concentration
The effectiveness of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body depends largely on two critical factors:
Molecular size (weight)
Dosage concentration
1. Molecular Weight and Absorption
Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) consists of smaller molecules that are more mobile and readily absorbed by the body.
These smaller molecules can penetrate cell membranes more easily, allowing for improved biological activity, especially in skin and joint tissues.
2. Concentration and the Carrier Effect
The concentration of HA in a supplement or product plays a decisive role in absorption and effectiveness.
High-dose formulations, with at least 100 mg of active hyaluronic acid per serving, tend to be more efficiently absorbed.
Why? The Carrier Effect:
Carrier proteins are specialized transport proteins found in cell membranes.
These carriers enable the fast and targeted transport of essential substances like amino acids, sugars, salts and also facilitate hyaluronic acid uptake when concentrations are adequate.
This carrier-mediated transport is significantly more efficient than passive diffusion.
3. Scientific Evidence on Dosage
A Japanese research team conducted a study that showed:
Daily intake of at least 120 mg of hyaluronic acid:
Increases skin moisture
Improves symptoms of dry skin
This supports the use of HA as an oral supplement for skin hydration and anti-aging purposes.
Key Takeaways
Factor
Effect
Low molecular weight HA
Better cellular penetration and absorption
High concentration (≥100 mg)
More effective uptake via carrier proteins
Recommended daily intake
≥120 mg for skin hydration (based on clinical studies)
Hyaluronic Acid Overdose
It is important to follow the manufacturer’s recommended dosage instructions carefully when using hyaluronic acid supplements or products.
Taking too much hyaluronic acid may lead to mild side effects, such as:
Skin irritation
Itching
Joint pain
These symptoms are generally temporary and tend to resolve quickly without serious consequences. In most cases, they are not considered dangerous or life-threatening.
If any discomfort persists or worsens, it is advisable to stop use and consult a healthcare professional.
Hyaluronic acid side effects
Since hyaluronan occurs naturally in the human body, it is generally well tolerated. The possible side effects rather depend on the type of intake.
Various studies have shown,
1. Injections (Hyaluronic acid gel):
Possible allergic reactions or hypersensitivity (rare cases)
Bruising
Lump formation
Color changes
Fluid retention
Side effects observed in about 10% of people
2. Oral intake (capsules):
Generally safe if the recommended dosage is followed
No major side effects reported
3. Topical application (creams and gels):
Well tolerated
Minor skin irritation may rarely occur due to its mild acidic nature
Possible Interactions with Hyaluronic Acid
Topical use (creams, gels, lozenges, eye drops):
No known interactions with other medications
Avoid using disinfectants containing benzalkonium chloride on skin where hyaluronic acid is applied, as it can cause hyaluronan to crystallize and lose effectiveness
Oral use (tablets/capsules):
No scientifically proven interactions with other medications yet
Still, consult a family doctor before use, especially if taking other medications regularly
Hyaluronic Acid Allergy
Allergy to hyaluronic acid itself is very rare because it naturally occurs in the body.
People with food allergies should be cautious, especially regarding the product’s source and other ingredients.
If hyaluronic acid is derived from animal sources (e.g., rooster’s combs), there’s a risk of allergic reactions in people allergic to chicken proteins.
It’s important to check the composition and origin of the product carefully if you have known allergies or sensitivities before using or taking it.
Hyaluronic Acid Treatment Effects
Wrinkle injections:
Effects visible immediately after injection.
Injections for arthrosis (joint treatment):
Pain relief can start after a few days.
Full effect usually takes weeks to months.
Positive effects from repeated treatments can last up to 40 months.
Oral intake:
First results appear after 3 to 6 weeks.
Benefits (especially for skin) may persist for several weeks after stopping intake (based on a Japanese study).
Topical application (creams/gels):
Immediate plumping effect due to water-binding.
Long-term use can strengthen connective tissue and improve skin condition.
How Do Hemorrhoids Develop and What Can You Do Naturally?
Although most people think hemorrhoids are pathological, they are a normal part of the human anatomy. In fact, these are arteriovenous vascular pads that are in a ring under the mucous membrane of the lower rectum and under the skin in the anus area.
Hemorrhoids, together with the anal sphincter, are responsible for ensuring that we have control over the emptying of the rectum during bowel movements. Usually you don't notice the hemorrhoids.
When people say that they have 'hemorrhoids' they mean that the hemorrhoidal blood vessels have become larger and that the typical hemorrhoids cause symptoms such as itching, mucus secretion or bleeding. Bleeding occurs when hard stool damages the thin walls of the blood vessels in the hemorrhoids.
Around 75% of all adults will eventually experience the symptoms of enlarged hemorrhoids. However, only about 4% will go to a doctor because of hemorrhoid problems. Men and women are found equally and their frequency peaks between the ages of 45 and 65.
Hemorrhoids have caused pain and irritation throughout human history. The word comes from the Greek word, 'haimorrhoides,' which means that veins secrete blood.
